Wishing Someone a Happy Birthday in German

If youre going to speak the language, its important to learn how to wish someone a happy birthday in German. Before giving birthday greetings, though, you need to know about an important cultural difference, especially among older Germans: Wishing a German a happy birthday before his special day is considered bad luck, so dont do it. And as for gifts and cards you may want to send, make sure to mark on the package that the recipient should open it only on his or her birthday or afterward—but never before. There are a number of ways to say happy birthday in German, but birthday wishes can vary widely whether they are spoken or written, or even depending on where the recipient resides in Germany. Spoken Birthday Expressions The following phrases first show how to say happy birthday in German, followed by the translation in English. Note that the translations are the English equivalents and not literal, word-for-word  translations. Herzlichen Glà ¼ckwunsch zum Geburtstag!   Happy birthday!Alles Gute zum Geburtstag!   Have a good birthday!All das Beste zum Geburtstag!   All the best on your birthday!Viel Glà ¼ck zum Geburtstag!   Best of luck on your birthday!Ich gratuliere Ihnen zu Ihrem 40/50/60 etc.   Congratulations on your 40/50/60th etc. birthday.Herzlichen Glà ¼ckwunsch nachtrà ¤glich.   Happy belated birthday. Written Birthday Expressions You can write all of the above-mentioned expressions in a card, but if you want something a little more ausfà ¼hrlicher (detailed), you may want to try some of these expressions. Herzlichen Glà ¼ckwunsch zum Geburtstag und viel Glà ¼ck/Erfolg im neuen Lebensjahr!   Happy birthday and much happiness/success in the new year.Ich wà ¼nsche dir zu deinem Geburtstag alles Liebe und Gute—verbringe einen wunderschà ¶nen Tag im Kreise deiner Lieben.   I wish you all the best on your birthday. May you spend a wonderful day surrounded by those you love.Ich wà ¼nsche dir einen herzlichen Glà ¼ckwunsch zum Geburtstag und alles Liebe und Gute und ganz viel Gesundheit und Spaß. Lass dich schà ¶n feiern.   I wish you a happy birthday and all the best and much health and fun. Have a good time celebrating.Herzlichen Glà ¼ckwunsch und alles Gute zum Geburtstag wà ¼nscht dir (your name).   I wish you happy birthday and all the best on this day.Herzlichen Glà ¼ckwunsch zum (birthday number)sten und alles Gute. Happy Xth birthday and all the best. Happy Birthday From All Over Germany Not every city or town in Germany says happy birthday the same way. You may run into variations in dialect, depending on where you are in the country and where the birthday  Junge oder Mà ¤dchen, Mann oder Frau  (boy or girl, man or woman) lives. The city or region is listed on the left, followed by the German happy birthday greeting and then the English translation. Bayern (Bavaria): Ois Guade zu Deim Geburdstog!   Happy birthday!Berlin: Alles Jute ooch zum Jeburtstach!   All the best on your birthday!Friesland: Lokkiche jierdei!   Happy birthday!Hessen (Hesse): Isch gratelier Dir aach zum Geburtstach!   I congratulate you on your birthday.Kà ¶ln (Cologne): Alles Juute zum Jeburtstaach!   All the best  on  your birthday!Norddeutschland (Plattdeutsch - Low German): Ick wà ¼nsch Di alls Gode ton Geburtsdach!   I wish you all the best on your birthday.

What I Think About The World Of Personalities Has Been...

Introduction: What is the first thing you think of when someone says the word personality? Do you think along the lines of birth order or someone being outgoing or shy? Those are both normal thoughts of what personalities are. Always I would immediately think of the four temperaments. In my research I plan to prove that personalities come in different temperaments known as choleric, melancholy, sanguine, and phlegmatic. I will be explaining and talking about each one; Where they came from, how they are different, similar, and what they mean, and also how certain temperaments people have affect how they get along with others and what jobs suit them better and why. Pages1-5: [Based off of the order of my thesis] Describe each Exploring the world of personalities has been remarkably interesting. What originally sparked my interest was my curiosity of what personality I personally have and how everyone is so uniquely different. The four temperaments are what I m going to branch off of. 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More hits from the right Essay Example For Students

More hits from the right Essay Officials in Cobb County, Ga., a suburb of Atlanta, voted to cut all county arts funding in late August, after initially moving to pass a resolution to restrict funding to organizations and programming that advance and support strong community and family-oriented standards. The anti-arts vote sidestepped the issue of free speech guarantees by eliminating support to the arts across the board. It came after productions of David Hwangs M. Butterfly and Terrence McNallys Lips Together, Teeth Apart at Theatre in the Square in Marietta sparked stormy controversy between members of the countys Board of Commissioners, the local arts community, gay rights activists and antigay factions. The proposed amendment to the Cobb Countys Cultural Affairs Policy stemmed from reports that the McNally play promotes gay lifestyles, although the play features no gay characters and the production received no negative audience response. It was in fact selected the best show of the season by the theatres patrons in their annual award ceremony. But commissioner Gordon Wysong who did not see the play proposed the restriction, adding that future programming should be taken into account before any grants are awarded. The chairman of the commission, Bill Byrne, supported the restrictions, citing his experience at Theatre in the Square the previous season, when he and his wife were so offended by the material in M. Butterfly that they left before the final curtain. The controversy raged in the Atlanta suburb for much of the summer, with arts advocates accusing the commission of censorship. Theatre in the Square artistic director Michael Horne defended his theatres programming, noting that it produces a wide range of plays, and that we didnt get here by doing bad work or work thats out of touch with the community. Suspension of its county funding would represent a loss of about five percent of the theatres operating budget. Last year, the theatre received nearly $41,000 from the countys $123,000 arts fund. While county commissioners were still deliberating the outcome of the proposal by holding two public hearings, they passed a second measure declaring that gay lifestyles are incompatible with community standards and in support of established state laws regarding gay lifestyles. Although the intent of this measure was to prohibit the extension of domestic partnership benefits to county employees a reaction to the city of Atlantas recent decision to do just that many members of the community saw the two proposals as intrinsically related. After gay rights groups threatened legal action against the county if funding restrictions were aimed at arts groups or projects with homosexual themes, the county Board of Commissioners voted to eliminate all county arts funding and redirect the $123,000 annual appropriation to be used by local police. Exhibiting the offensive   On another front, Martin Mawyer and the Christian Action Network whose evangelical anti-NEA fervor prompted a lobbying campaign for total agency defunding because of the Whitney Museums Abject Art exhibit continued their attacks in Washington right up until recess. In late July, the Christian Action Network assembled a display of photographs of offensive art works allegedly funded by the NEA and sent invitations to every member of Congress to view the exhibit in the Capitol building, but the showing was banned before anyone arrived. Rep. Philip Crane (R-Ill.) had reserved the room, which is under the jurisdiction of the House Ways and Means Committee, but permission was withdrawn by Rep. Sidney Yates (D-Ill.) and Rep. Dan Rostenkowski (D-Ill.) when they determined that rules on lobbying in the Capitol would be violated if the exhibit were allowed. Later, House Speaker Thomas Foley (D-Wash.) closed the exhibit down after 15 minutes in a House annex room, which Mawyer claimed had bee n booked through Rep. Cranes office, but which Foleys staff said was never confirmed. .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367 , .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367 .postImageUrl , .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367 , .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367:hover , .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367:visited , .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367:active { border:0!important; } .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367:active , .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367 .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua19138661aba0585d773776685e2a367:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bridging the gulf EssayIn a statement released by Mawyer on the day of the exhibit, he vowed that the Christian Action Network will continue to monitor the NEAs funding practices and continue to expose those artists and works of art which are patently offensive to most Americans. Just as the furor over Mawyers accusations were beginning to die down, the NEA faced another controversy. In early August, newspapers reported that three California artists were giving away most of a $5,000 NEA grant to illegal immigrants in the San Diego area in a project called Arte-Reembolso/Art Rebate. Flyers accompanying the bills stated, This $10 bill is part of an art project that intends to return tax dollars to taxpayers, particularly ~undocumented taxpayers. The art rebate acknowledges your role as a vital player in an economic community indifferent to national borders. Subsidized giveaway   By giving the money away in $10 bills, the artists said they were making an artistic and political statement about the interaction of physical space with intellectual space and civic space and demonstrating the economic role illegal immigrants play in southern California. The project received NEA funding from the Museum of Contemporary Art in San Diego, as part of an exhibit called La Frontera/The Border, one in a series of exhibits in a four-year project at the museum titled Dos Ciudades/Two Cities, which received a $250,000 NEA grant that was matched three-to-one with state, city and private funding. According to the museums director, Hugh Davies, the NEA financed only the four-year project and did not know about the money giveaway. Republican Congressman Randy (Duke) Cunningham of San Diego was quick to respond with outrage. I can scarcely imagine a more contemptuous use of taxpayers dollars, he wrote to the NEA, while NEA spokesman Josh Dare told the press that not only did the agency know nothing about the project in advance or fund it specifically, but these three artists are very adept at pushing peoples buttons.

The Dividend Tax Cut and Interest Rates free essay sample

President George W. Bush announced a package of tax cuts with the hopes that, when implemented, the tax cuts will stimulate the currently slow U. S. Economy. The centerpiece of the Bush plan is to eliminate the taxes investors pay on dividend income. Currently, any money an investor receives when a stock she owns pays a dividend to its investors is added to her total income at tax time. So dividend income is treated the same way, and is taxed at the same rate, as income from working. If the Bush plan becomes law, dividend income will no longer e added to an investors total income. As a result the dividends become exempt from taxation. The exact details of the plan are not currently known, because it has not been debated or passed by Congress yet. As well, there is some uncertainty as to how the government will define dividend and what exemptions, rules, and loopholes will be written into the law. For the purpose of this article, we will assume that the dividend tax cut will be wide ranging and cover most stocks when Congress passes it. The Bush Administration hopes that by eliminating the dividend tax, investors will be encouraged to buy more stocks. This, they believe, will cause a rise in the value of the market. The main question is: where will investors find the money to buy more stocks? Incomes are not likely to increase a lot in the short-term. Thus, if investors are buying more stocks, they must, necessarily, be buying less of something else. It is likely that consumers will buy less of the good that is the closest substitute to stocks, and for most consumers that good is bonds. Bonds are, in essence, a loan taken out by a government or corporation, with the remises to pay back, to holder of the bond, a fixed amount at a later date. Bonds are a close substitute for stocks, because the two goods share many attractive qualities. Both stocks and bonds tend to appreciate in value over time. Also, unlike investments like real estate and collectibles, both bonds and stocks are liquid assets, meaning it is easy and inexpensive to find a buyer anytime one wishes to sell. There are millions of brokers and organizations that will gladly buy your bond at market rates; finding a buyer for your rare beanie baby collection would be much more difficult. Since bonds and stocks are substitutes, and the dividend tax cut will make owning stocks more desirable and bonds would become less desirable to investors. Bonds would be purchased in smaller quantities. Economic theory, as well as common sense, dictates that when demand for a good falls, the price of that good will fall as well. So the dividend tax, while having the intended effect of a rise in the price of stocks, will see a corresponding fall in the price of bonds. Ads Aka Battista Ha HOPSCOTCH broker. Rue rentable cobble19 8 Mope 30TH aqua COCOA Activate days enjoyment noggin Eligibly, Kenneth, CAPTIVITY www. Rusk. Rue Composite Koran Noah. Rapacity Ha monopoly_VIII 2 raga! XX Beach, gal._VOW, Waynesboro-m. Rue object-1 Kaplan a XX Beach AT 21 MM. Tanoak, annotate. Oceanographers! The Dividend Tax Cut and Interest Rates [Part 3: The Dividend Tax Cut How Does This Effect Interest Rates? ] More of this Feature Part 1: The Dividend Tax Cut Bushs Plan Part 2: The Dividend Tax Cut Substitution of Bonds for Stocks Part 3: The Dividend Tax Cut How Does This Effect Interest Rates? Part 4: The Dividend Tax Cut How Does Interest Rate Increases from Bonds Effect You? Part 5: The Dividend Tax Cut The Supply Side Part 6: The Dividend Tax Cut Have Your Say Related Resources Bush Offers Dividend Tax Cut Plan Dividend Tax Cut and Economic Stimulus Plan White House Release Dividend Tax Cut and Economic Stimulus Package Tax Policy Center Information on Dividend Tax Cut What does any of this have to do with interest rates? Well, the interest rate on a bond is inversely related to the price of the bond, meaning that as one goes up, the other goes down. Consider a discount bond with a maturity length of one-year. Suppose you buy a $100 bond with a maturity length of 1 year for $90. This meaner that you pay $90 today, and on this date one year from now, you receive $100. The interest rate you get on this bond (formally called the yield-to-maturity) is calculated by: r = (value price) / value In this equation r is the interest rate (or yield to maturity), price is the price you pay for the bond, and value is the amount you get in one year. Now as the price decreases, the interest rate increases. This increase in the interest rate as the price creases is shown in the following chart for a discount bond with a maturity length of one year. This rise in interest rates will not be limited to Just bonds. Banks and other financial institutions use their customers deposits to either buy bonds or to loan to other customers in the form of mortgages, car loans, and business loans. These loans usually carry an interest rate of Prime + X%, where X is a number based on the likelihood the borrower will go bankrupt and default on the loan. The more likely the lender is to default on the loan, the higher X is: this is why Bill Gates gets a utter rate on his mortgage than you do. Since interest rates tend to be calculated based on Prime and the likelihood of the borrower to go bankrupt, there is a perfect relation between them and the prime rate. The prime rate is the interest rate at which banks lend money for a short- specified term to large corporations that have little chance of going bankrupt in the near future. These loans are, in reality, bonds, since the large corporations have to pay them back at a specified date, and the banks can sell these loans to other banks or institutions if they wish. Thus, if the demand for bonds decreases and causes a rise in the interest rate on bonds, the prime rate will increase (because it is as an interest rate on a bond), and cause the rate of interest to rise on all loans. So far we have Just examined changes in demand, but we know that two factors always affect price: demand and supply. What effect will the elimination of dividend taxation have on the supply of stocks and bonds? We know that consumers are now willing to pay more for stocks, and less for bonds. Corporations obtain funds for new projects by either selling bonds or by issuing new stock. Since selling stocks is now more lucrative than issuing bonds, because of the relative change in prices, we should see more companies selling stocks, and fewer companies issuing bonds. Since the supply of bonds by corporations is decreasing, we should see the price of these bonds increase. So this will mitigate the fall in bond prices caused by changes in demand. In theory, it is possible for the supply effect to outweigh the demand effect; this would happen if there were large enough reductions in the amount of bonds issued. This would cause an overall rise in bond prices, and a lowering in interest tats. This is exactly the opposite of what Ive been arguing so far. However, a dramatic fall in the amount of bonds issued is highly unlikely for two reasons. The first is that companies usually prefer to sell bonds instead of issuing new stocks. This is due to the fact that when a company sells stock, it is diluting the ownership of the company. If a company issues too much stock, there is the risk that the a single investor or group of investors will be able to buy enough stock in the company to take it over, which is called a hostile takeover. Because of this, a big rush of new stock issues is unlikely. The second reason this is unlikely is that corporations are not the only entities that sell bonds. The federal government, along with state and municipal governments and public utilities all issue bonds for their funding needs. Most governments are currently running into budgetary crunches and many are running deficits for the first time in years. The federal government will be forced to run a deficit due to increases in spending and declining revenues due to this tax cut. To finance these deficits, governments will be forced to issue more bonds. Because the number of government issued bonds will increase, we should not expect to see a dramatic drop in the total overall value of bonds issued. Most economists feel that the elimination of the dividend tax will have the intended effect of raising the demand and price of stocks, which will cause a rise in the value of the various stock market indices. However, for any change in policy, we must not just examine the intended impact of the policy, but we must determine what its unintended consequences will be. One of the unintended consequences will be that the dividend tax cut will cause a rise in interest rates. This is bad news if youre planning to buy a car or house in the future, as your monthly payments will rise due to higher interest rates. Unfortunately, I havent seen any scientific studies on how much interest rates will rise due to this policy change. Economic theory can only tell us that interest rates will rise; an extensive econometric study is needed to determine what the magnitude of the rise will be. If you have any thoughts or predictions on what will happen, or know of a study I may have missed, please Join us in the forums. I look forward to hearing your input.

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The eNotes Blog 8 Ways to Celebrate Poem in Your PocketDay

8 Ways to Celebrate Poem in Your PocketDay With only a few more days left in National Poetry Month, we want to highlight one of the last major events of this month’s celebration: Poem in Your Pocket Day. This year, Poem in Your Pocket Day will be held on April 26. It’s a day to carry around pocket-sized works of poetry to encourage the sharing and spreading of the art. Whether you choose to carry a poem you have written yourself or something by a treasured poet, there are tons of ways to get involved. Participating in Poem in Your Pocket day is all about the celebrating the art of poetry and its impact on our culture. Lets look at eight ways you can get involved with Poem in Your Pocket Day.  Ã‚   Image via Unsplash 1. Share on social media Sharing a poem on social media is one of the easiest ways to participate in Poem in Your Pocket Day. Use the hashtag #pocketpoem to circulate your work and connect with others that are sharing theirs. This is a great way to promote poetry across a variety of social media platforms, and we have a feeling if Emily Dickinson had a Twitter, shed be all over this idea. Image via Unsplash 2. Distribute during your day Handwrite or type up some pocket-sized poetry cards that you can distribute during your daily routine. You can pass them out to friends, colleagues, or even random passersby on the street. If youre feeling inspired, add some color, drawings, or tie them up into little Shakespearean scrolls. Who knows, your simple act of kindness might just inspire someone else to pay it forward. Image via Unsplash 3. Put it on display Find a space in your home, at work, or in another public setting where your poem is guaranteed to be seen. Bulletin boards, refrigerators, and even bathroom mirrors are all great places to display short works of poetry. You could even create a tear-away flyer so   individuals can take a piece of poetry with them. Image via Unsplash 4. Send a poetic postcard When’s the last time you actually received a postcard? Postcards are undoubtedly a great surprise to receive in the mail, so why not personalize it with some poetry? A poetic postcard is sure to be appreciated and admired.  After all, some of the  greatest poets loved writing and receiving postcards, so it only seems appropriate to send a Poe-stcard. Image via Youtube 5. Make a paper fortune teller Back in the playground days, paper fortune tellers were a hot commodity. Why not revive the craft for Poem in Your Pocket Day? You can design a fun poetry inspired fortune teller to spark conversation and entertain your peers. If you have no idea how or where to start, there are a plethora of instructions online. Image via Unsplash 6. Try poetry-inspired origami If you’re feeling crafty, try creating some origami covered in poetry. There are a variety of different shapes and structures into which you can fold your pocket-sized poetry. This is a thoughtful way to pass along poetry in a unique form, which is sure to brighten someones day. Image via Unsplash 7. Create a collaborative piece Create a collaborative poem by writing a couple lines and then hanging it somewhere so others can contribute to it. At the end of the day, collect your original piece and see how many people have interacted with it. Whether it ends up being a fluid poem or not, its an exciting experiment. Image via Suppertime 8. Write on a receipt Writing a mini poem on the bottom of a receipt is a subtle way to pass along poetry. If you need to sign a receipt during your day, before returning it, write a few lines on the bottom. It’s a sure way to make your waiter smile. There are so many ways to get involved with Poem in Your Pocket Day without actually having to carry around a poem in your pocket. I encourage you to find something that you can do to participate in the celebration and help keep the spread of poetry alive in our culture.

NCAA Athletic Arms Race Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NCAA Athletic Arms Race - Assignment Example In 2013, the National Collegiate Athletic Association reported that the median operating expenditure for athletics increased 49% between 2010 and 2013. In this regard, the paper would discuss the athletics arms race that various colleges and universities are facing. What the aggravating factors are as well as suggestions on how to address the financial implications of the arms race. Most colleges and universities are spending millions of dollars in athletics due to the increased revenue generated from athletics. For an average athletics program, the highest spending categories include salaries and benefits, tuition-driven-in-aid, facilities maintenance and rental, team travel, recruiting and equipment supplies, fund-raising costs, and game-day expenses. According to Barr and McClellan (2011), athletics expenses are increasing a yearly rate of 7%. The arms race puts universities in the college sports business. There is a growing divide between the haves and the have-nots in college sp orts due to the commercialization of intercollegiate athletics. Since the inception of intercollegiate sports, the disparities between the poor and rich athletics have been a major concern. In the recent years, the gap has widened since large universities are chasing after television deals and corporate sponsorships to finance the new facilities, as well as lure celebrity coaches with multimillion-dollar salaries (Thomas, 2009), Millions of dollars, are being spent in construction. College sports is a carnival of construction (Brown, Raschre, & McEvoy, 2010). Schools are building bigger, nicer, and more state-of-the-art facilities for their teams. For example, Nebraska is finishing up a $63.5 expansion of its Memorial stadium while Wisconsin is renovating its Camp Randall Stadium at $86 million. It is argued that more athletic spending results in more victories thus more revenue. There are various ways of addressing the financial implications of the arms race: Reducing the size of t he travelling squads, reducing salary expenses to athletics’ employees, reducing the number of scholarships and lower tuition, renting the existing facilities to generate revenue other than building new ones, and better transparency and accountability.  

Animal testing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Animal testing - Research Paper Example The same applies to cosmetics since researchers investigate for the suitability of such products in animals. Animal testing therefore is a vital practice in education, defense and breading researchers with most governments formulating appropriate legislations to guide the use of animals in studies as the discussion below portrays. Government regulation is essential in safeguarding the rights of both the animals and the humans who engage in the practice. Proponents of animals testing argue on the positive attributes of the practice key among which is the fact that animal testing enhances the growth of knowledge thereby bettering such vital sciences as medicine and social arts among many others. â€Å"they feel that the scientific advances that have emerged from animal testing-such as polio vaccine and measles, cancer chemotherapy and open heart surgery- far outweigh any pain, suffering or death the animals may experience† (Hayhurst 72). Opponents of the practice on the other hand argue in favor of the animals. They claim that using animals is both unethical and breaches the rights of the animals. The studies disrupt the natural existence of the animals in their respective habitats. Furthermore, the testing includes inserting harmful substances in the bodies of the animals possibly endangering or killing such animals. Such individuals oppose the practice based on the ethical implications and the rights of the animals. Despite the above arguments, both parties contend that animal testing is important and advantageous in medical practice among others. Toxicology testing is one such important tests conducted on animals. Just as the name suggests, it refers to the testing of the toxic levels in such finished products as pesticides thereby establishing the suitability of such products. The tests investigate for the effectiveness of such pesticides and their effects on other animals including humans. The tests include testing both the

Examining Government Regulations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Examining Government Regulations - Essay Example The American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey and the states chapter of the National Organization for Women both questioned whether the mandated tests violate a womans right to privacy and the right to make her own medical decisions (Richburg, 2007, Pg. 1)†. Additionally, it is reported that 98 percent of women want to get their children tested for AIDS at birth and this makes the law unnecessary as well. On the other hand, lawmakers believe that the risk of exposing children to a mother who is a carrier of the virus is simply too great to allow for testing to be conducted at will therefore mandatory testing should be made a requirement in New Jersey. The government is certainly worried about the AIDS issue and has made advisory councils to give recommendations towards preventing an AIDS epidemic in New Jersey (McGreevey, 2003). In fact, there are several other groups which support the idea for screening unborn children and amongst them, the CDC (Center for Disease Control) believes that HIV screening should be made a part of the regular prenatal tests that are conducted in America. Thus HIV Tests would be made a part of the basic testing for unborn children for which no written authorization is required (Richburg, 2007). The scientific evidence at hand certainly supports this idea since early detection and treatment with retroviral drugs reduced the chance of transmitting the disease from mother to child to less than 2 percent. The present rate of infection from mothers to children in New Jersey is minimal since in 2005, only seven such transmissions were recorded with more than 100,000 births. In 2006, only two such cases were reported in New Jersey and this situation makes some people think that the law is a case of too little too late (Richburg, 2007). On the other hand, New Jersey’s syringe exchange program was the last one to be started in the Northeast since New Jersey was

Political and Social Development in Pakistan

Political and Social Development in Pakistan Table of Contents Research Report Introduction Objective Research questions Research Methodology 1.Primary data 2.Secondary data Literature review Variables Independent variable Dependant variable NGOs Definition of Variables NGOs Social development Political development Hypothesis Time frame Data Analysis Validity and Reliability Limitations Conclusions and Recommendations  ·Conclusion  ·Recommendations Introduction The utility of development is to achieve both economic and social structure for the transformation of society. Phenomenon of development is about effectively integrating the various elements that are required for state to develop; these elements are mainly economic, social, political and administrative. Pakistan is facing the problems in the context of both political and social development. People of the rural areas and the tribal areas such as Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) are still participating in electoral process that is the part of political development. Pakistan is on the extremely low rank on Human Development Index (HDI) that is the sub component of Social development. Presently Pakistan is standing on the rank 147th and is having the HDI value just 0.515 in the year 2013. Pakistan stands among the worst performers in child and infant mortality. Another area that needs to be socially developed is health and mortality. Under 1 year of age, the total number of deaths are 69 per 1000, and it needs to be brought down to at least 40, according to the goals that need to be achieved by 2015. The reasons behind child mortality in Pakistan are found to be, not only the medical/healthcare facilities available for the infant and mother, but also the poor sanitation in mostly rural and remote parts of the country. In accordance with the estimation made by World Bank in 2010, around 80% of the world’s most poor people live in just 10 countries, amongst which Pakistan has the 7th rank. The UNDP 2013 report states that 21% of the total population of Pakistan are earning less than $ 1.25/day and are living below the poverty line. Eradicating poverty is one of the Millennium Development Goals as well NGOs may prove to be effective to achieve the goals. These NGOs are having interventions on national level in the countries where they are operating. The NGOs can be involved at planning and implementation levels. NGOs’ impact on the grass-roots can be described as empowerment of the underprivileged people of society. There is a substantial amount of literature present on the activities carried out by NGOs that plays any role in relevance to social growth of Pakistan, but no study has been undertaken regarding the political development in relevance to NGOs. This study is an attempt to fulfill the gap in literature, and would prove to be the first brick towards the development of literature in this area. Objective: The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of various activities being carried out by NGOs on contribution towards political and social development of the state. Hypothesis: Limited role of NGOs in Pakistan’s politics has led to lack of accountability and transparency in various political processes and social development of the state. Research Questions: What role does NGOs play in social development of Pakistan? To examine if the NGOs succeeded or failed to deliver their services in the political development? To determine what possible course could be adopted if the part NGOs is inconsiderable in political and social development of state. Theoretical Framework: NGOs play their part as a soft power and helps in strong economic development; they show the positive side of human nature, their main focus in on individual so the Non Governmental Organizations came under the liberalist school of thought. I have discussed the role of NGOs in socio-political development of state and supported my arguments keeping liberalism in focus. Research Methodology: Set of working methods and procedures that are being adopted to forgo this research process are mentioned as under. 1. Primary Data Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Interviews The focus group discussion (FGD) is a rapid assessment, semià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ structured data gathering method in which a purposively selected set of participants gather to discuss issues and concerns base on a list of key themes drawn up by the researcher/facilitator (Kumar 1987). I have arranged a FGD between the students of Bahria University, National defense University, and International Islamic university who are living in Taxila, Wah Cantt and Islamabad. There were 2 sessions and each lasted about 1hour. No studies regarding Political development in context of Pakistan was found so primary data sources were being utilized such as the interviews of several individuals who attended the workshops arranged by the NGOs, for making them aware about the political processes were also taken. 2. Secondary Data Secondary data consists of the sources that do not contain firsthand knowledge or information. Books Internet News papers Case Studies Literature Review: Role of NGOs is described by many among which, Lewis summarized its three basic roles: Being the implementers, The catalysts and The partners. The implementer role is concerned with the mobilization of available resources to provide goods and services to deserving. Where as the catalyst role is the ability to inspire, facilitate or contribute to promote change and partner reflect the growing trend of NGOS to work with government. NGOs in the field are rapidly increasing but their potentials have remained unutilized because of diversity in their role. In 1980s, NGOs got attention in different areas of the development community. Crenea (1988) argued that NGOs came into the limelight after the attention was given by the individuals in area policies development. Hulme and David (1997), debated NGOs promote and utilize volunteerism; they can be more productive than government. NGOs encourage social change and protect individual rights by influencing social or market policies. (Kim, H., 2007) NGOs also participate in government policy formulation. NGOs in Pakistan are more active in the traditional social sectors: emergency support, rehabilitation health and education. Literature review pointed out the need for capacity building for NGOs in Pakistan. (Study of NGOs in Pakistan, 1999). In a research study of a NGO named Akhuwat, an Islamic MF provider, the authors (W. Akhter, N. Akhter Jafferi, 2009) found that an Islamic Microfinance provider is playing an important part in poverty alleviation, they cater the needs of clients, who have socially excluded themselves from the interest based conventional system, so they are providing hem interest free finances through which they can start their own new businesses. This NGO Akhuwat is thus contributing towards Social and human development. Variables: Independent variable Dependant variable Definition of Variables NGOs: Non-governmental organization(NGO) normally refers to institutions that are basically working for the benefit of society and do not operate for earning profits. They are usually formed by individuals, and can be financed by the governing parties, foundations or businesses. NGOs are engaged in different activities. NGOs may be fronts for various interest groups. Social Development: World Bank defines the Social Development as; â€Å"The process of increasing; The assets and capabilities of individuals to improve their wellbeing. The capacity of social groups to exercise agency, transform their relationships with other groups, and participate in development processes. The ability of society to reconcile the interests of its constituent elements, govern itself peacefully, and manage change.† Social development is to put all the focus on development of individuals in society. Which simply means that the party who is going to be benefit most out of development must be the people, that should not be limited to poverty alleviation but also a recognition that people, and the way they interact in groups and society, and the norms that facilitates such interaction, shape development processes. Political Development: Han Parks formal definition of political development is as follows: Political development may be defined in terms of the capacity of the political system to satisfy the changing needs of the members of the society (Park, 1984). Main Discussion: Objective-based NGOs: Most NGOs in Pakistan get resources and aid from foreign organizations. For example giant global networks like UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund Association), US-AID, UNESCO work with different NGOs in certain projects that ensure protection of human rights in Pakistan. With the expansion in NGOs, work towards political and social development has been initiated. The objective-based NGOs working in Pakistan are mainly focused on one specific target. There are NGOs working for rights of Human, Women, Children, Labour, Journalists, Religious minorities etc. There are plenty of organizations solely dedicated to working for welfare of youth, education, literacy and vocational training. Some NGOs work especially for adult-based education. There are plenty of NGOs working in health sector for mental health, maternity, population welfare, free eye care, drug addiction, cancer research, HIV aids, blood diseases, disability support etc. Rural, urban and community development programs are conducted by some NGOs. NGOs working for Social Development: NGOs have enormously worked on the social development of Pakistan. There are above 800 NGOs which are working in social development sector. Those organizations cover almost all the ignored aspects of society. Examples: Depilex Smileagain foundation is working for acid-burnt women. Their goal is not only to treat affected women but also to educate them enough to be a productive part of the society. This organization conducts special programs that train such women to stand up for themselves and continuous treatment gives hope to them. Along with conducting medical surgery, this NGO arranges for support groups and arranges for their job placement. Withholding to its name, this organization is voicing out its concerns about educating the society to end this issue once and for all and pleading to government for taking legal actions against it. There is an organization named Aahung, which has been working since 1995. The Aahung is an NGO operating all over in Pakistan has a name in working for human rights. Main purpose of this NGO is to give sexual and reproductive health awareness to men, women and adolescents. Since the topic of sexual education is taboo in Pakistan given our culture, society’s mindset and self-implied religious barricade, it’s a huge step on this organization’s part to implicate a medium of consciousness on this topic. In the long run, this will affect the country in most productive way if there is a possible way to control population. This can only be achieved if proper education and knowledge is spread amongst masses at a bigger level. Aahung is one such organization, which not only work towards providing services that protect sexual rights of an individual but it also collaborates with certain social and academic institutes in providing education towards this subject. NGOs working for Political Development: Given the political upheaval in Pakistan, there are very few NGOs which are working in political development sector. NGOs that are operating in this sector are not directly involved but they are indirectly working in cooperation with other organizations, which are either government operated or semi-government. Therefore, it’s hard to evaluate transparency of such organizations. NDI, IRI, UNDP, Aurat Foundation, SPO, The Asia foundation, DRI, PILDAT, FAFE are few organizations whose names are occasionally taken in media for working in political sector but the problem is that these organizations work seldom on political development sector or might be they are not getting acknowledgment from the government. NDI (National Democratic Institute) and PILDAT (Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency), are operating entirely independently and are focused in organizing different training sessions for youth, parliamentarians and women. Their goal is to strengthen the democracy and their recent projects were inducting training sessions for several party members and inviting them on one discussion forum. PILDAT is an entirely research based organization responsible for presenting legislations before parliament on issues like poverty-reduction, economy, trade etc. This governing body works closely with Parliament and Executive for guaranteeing a rational making of public policy, forming a think tank to attain progress. NDI is nowadays conducting an orientation for a policy-making group. This group consists of trainees who are recruited after a tough evaluation and they are responsible to come up with innovative ideas that can be translated in form of a policy. Therefore, youth is targeted as a tool to solidify the policy-making system of country and encouraging future policy-makers to understand the political system and take initiative. FAFEN (Free and Fair Elections Network), since 2009 has been actively involved in forming an enhanced framework for elections in Pakistan. Their recent projects include establishing election data center, mapping human rights organizations in Pakistan, strategic observation of election in Pakistan, mobilization of women voters etc. Their upcoming and on-going projects ensure eradication of mudded conduction of election, monitoring violence in elections and enhancing lucidity in elections for a long-term. NGO’s operating nowadays are focusing on RTI (Rights to information), therefore utilizing technology in their favor to accomplish their goals. NGOs like CDPI (Centre of Peace and Development Initiatives) and Bytes for All (B4A), work with ambition of utilizing digital platform for freedom of expression and protecting security and privacy rights. This organization works in both socio-political development sectors, utilizing communication mediums to achieve human rights and e-governance. Validity and Reliability: Validity refers to the accuracy or truthfulness of a measurement. In simple words it can be said as; are we measuring what we think we are measuring? There are no statistical tests to measure validity. All assessments of validity are subjective opinions based on the judgment of the researcher. Reliability is synonymous with repeatability or stability. A measurement that yields consistent results over time is said to be reliable. When a measurement is prone to random error, it lacks reliability. The same findings are being shown in context of social development with the help of qualitative research conducted on working of NGOs. Since 2009, NGOs are actively participating in goals that were only paper-based before. Limitations: The findings of this study are presented in view of certain limitations. Due to the scarcity of research studies, a lot of time was spent on gathering the relevant data material from the Internet or relevant books. Due to time shortage, interviews have only being taken from the individuals of twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, which makes the findings limited. With fewer respondents, tracking the Political development of Pakistan was comprised slightly. Conclusions and Recommendations:  · Conclusion: Hence from the above discussion it can safely be concluded that NGOs play an active part in the social development process of Pakistan, whereas Policitcal sector is lacking a bit. In objectives of the NGOs, its mentioned that they are targeting this area but truthfully, a lot of work is being required for the Political development. Government of Pakistan should intervene to make necessary arrangements, providing funds and resources so that the gap in context of political development could be fulfilled.  · Recommendations: The objective of this research was to evaluate and examine the impact of various activities being carried out by NGOs on contribution towards political and social development of the state. Further work on this area is required for the country to prosper both socially and politically. The study needs to be done on countrywide level, to determine the gaps on part of institutions. Necessary course of actions must be taken to remove the obstacles that are coming in the way towards strengthening the country both socially and politically. Analysis: In news of 15th April, Khyber-Pukhtunkhwa government has agreed to give aid to active organizations that would renew their MOU (memorandum of understanding), thus the argument of NGO officials about lacking resources is nullified. Transparency can only be ensured if NGO operators put the funding in good use and work according to the objectives they mention on their official papers. Bibliography: Akhter, W., Akhtar, N., Jaffri, S. K. A. (2009). Islamic micro-finance and poverty alleviation: A case of Pakistan.2nd CBRC. Huntington, S. P. (1965). Political development and political decay.World Politics,17(03), 386-430. Kim, H. (2007). Discuss the impact of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and their limits and opportunities in relation to social development and civil society, making particular reference to examples from a selected country or countries.Social Policy Analysis, SLSP,5112, 16-22. Lewis, D. (2014). Non-governmental Organizations, Management and Development. Routledge. Nye, J. S. (1967). Corruption and political development: a cost-benefit analysis. The American Political Science Review, 417-427. Park (1984). Grounding political development. Two recent conceptions of political development. Accessed online on 12-April-2014. References: http://www.ngos.org.pk/ Express Tribune 15th April, 2014 IIP Digital 1

Airport Security Essay -- Safety Airlines Terrorism Papers

Airport Security On September 11, 2001, twenty Arab men boarded four different airplanes with the intent of attacking our country. They boarded the planes with the intent of causing tremendous damage to New York City and Washington, D.C. Two planes crashed into each tower of the World Trade Center, one plane crashed into the Pentagon, and the last plane crashed into a Pennsylvanian field. These twenty men cut short over 3000 lives. The innocent people that died had no need to have their lives taken in the way that they were. However, they lost their lives because they were American, and to the terrorists, they stood for certain principles. How were these terrorists allowed to board these planes with the weapons that they used for the take over? There is an easy answer to that question: airport security was virtually nonexistent. Anyone could be in the terminal. Friends and family could be with the passenger up to the time that the passenger went through the gate. However, since that fateful day, security has been tighter at the airports. Now, before passengers board a plane, they have to go through an x-ray machine and a metal detector before entering the terminal. Sometimes they have to go through random searches at the plane's gate. One question raised from the tighter security measures is whether these security measures invade people's personal rights. Airport security has changed since September 11, but this change is not always a good thing. One of the major changes that has taken place in airport security is more searches are being done. As a result of increasing the number of searches taken place, more people have their privacy rights violated. Another result of the increase of airport security is that less peopl... ...y.html Simon, Harvey. "Homeland Security and Defense." Aviation Week. n.d. 5 June 2002 Swenson, Dan. Personal interview. 23 October 2002 Sperry, Paul. "Know Your Rights at Airport Checkpoints." Worldnetdaily. 9 January 2002, 15 Oct. 2002 http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/printer-friendly.asp?ARTICLE_ID=25974 "Suggestions for Reducing Security Related Threats." Airsafe. 22 October 2001, 16 September 2002 http://www.airsafe.com/events/war/moresafe.htm The Thompson Chain-Reference Bible: The NIV Version. Indianapolis, Indiana: B.B. Kirkbridge Bible CO., INC., 1990 "Travelers' Blues." Free-Market Net. n.d.15 October 2002 http://www.free-market.net/spotlight/airtravel/organizations/ "Women Travelers Complain of 'Busy Hands' Among Airport Guards." Startribune. 25 November 2002, 15 Oct. 2002 http://www.startribune.com/stories/1631/850064.html

Supported Education For Physical Disability Children Education Essay

IntroductionThis essay will look at what supports are available for the parents of a five twelvemonth old male child with a physical disablement to enable him to go to mainstream school. The essay will look briefly at the historical position sing instruction and people with disablements, how constructs such as standardization and inclusion impacted on the integrating of people with disablements in mainstream school, therefore the term mainstreaming and the policies and supports that run alongside these constructs and if these policies are brooding of a rights based attack. Commissariats are in topographic point for kids below school age ( up to age 6 ) with physical disablements to go to particular pre-schools that have installations that support their demands ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . But commissariats are non in topographic point for pre-school services within mainstream schools hence in relation to this subject the term school will associate to primary mainstream schools.Main BodyIn the Census 2002 it was estimated that about 324,000 people in the population were populating with a disablement ( National Disability Authority, on the Web, neodymium ) . Disability in relation to people is considered to be a â€Å" limitation in their capacity to take part in economic, societal or cultural life on history of a physical, centripetal, acquisition, mental wellness or emotional damage † ( Commission on the Status of People with Disabilities ( 1996 ) cited in Finnerty and Collins, 2005:277 ) . McDonnell ( 2003:28 ) suggests that disablement is non the existent â€Å" damage † but really the barriers within society that dis-enable the individual to take part within mainstream society. Harmonizing to Barnes and Mercer ( 2003 ) the political and societal perceptual experiences of people with disablements was challenged from the 1960 ‘s onwards in that the general position at the clip was to see the individual based on their sensed restrictions. These perceptual experiences were challenged by disablement groups on achieving rights that were attributed to other citizens to besides be attributed for people with disablements. One of the challenges to the traditionally held positions of disablement is the construct of standardization which Walmsley ( 1997 ) provinces was developed by Nirje ( 1969 ) to foreground that people with disablements should hold chances to bask the mundane happenings of life. In that what is the norm for the bulk should be available to people with disablements ( Mitchell 2004 ) . A cardinal component within standardization is inclusion ( Walmsley, 1997 ) . Inclusion became a cardinal component in the development of an integrated educational system ( Finnerty and Collins, 2005 ) . A cardinal factor in inclusion is to take the invisibleness that surrounded people with disablements in the yesteryear and that programmes such as incorporate instruction are a manner of leting kids with disablements to hold a more seeable and positive profile ( Dare and O'Donovan, 2002 ) . The Warnock Report ( 1978 ) cited in Dare and O'Donovan ( 2002 ) reviewed the educational demands of kids with disablements and found that kids with disablements should go to a mainstream school unless it could non supply satisfactorily for their peculiar demands. Education in the early 1900 ‘s was within a unintegrated format of particular schools for people with disablements that reinforced their exclusion from mainstream society. The construct of mainstreaming in which kids with particular demands were catered for within mainstream schools was introduced in Ireland in the 1970 ‘s and was regarded as a more appropriate manner of supplying incorporate instruction ( McDonnell, 2003 ) . But this proviso for particular educational demands within mainstream school still created exclusion in that the format was through particular demands categories and still created distinction ( McDonnell, 2003 ) . Although harmonizing to the Salamanca Statement ( 1994 ) on instruction for people with disablements, inclusion was regarded as proviso within mainstream schools ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) .Rights Based ApproachThe European Social Charter ( 1996 ) states that people with disablements have â€Å" a right to independenc e, societal integrating and engagement in the life of the community † ( Lawson on the Web, nd:8 ) : and that it places an burden on its member provinces to set in topographic point supports that overcomes barriers to inclusion and engagement. Unfortunately this Charter has merely been signed off by a few member provinces and that the rights included within it have no legal demand. Harmonizing to Lawson ( on the Web, neodymium ) the rights based attack with respect to disablement provinces that people with disablements should hold the same rights as the bulk and that in order to accomplish this that three factors are cardinal. Engagement in their community should non be limited by social barriers such as attitudes towards disablement, or limited by handiness of supports. Engagement is affected by handiness. In that public services should be inclusive with respect to supplying entree for all, for illustration that public conveyance make proper adjustments for the demands of people with disablements. Underscoring the constructs of engagement and handiness are that authorities societal policies allow proviso for disablement issues within mainstream policy formation instead than specific disablement policies which in their nature create greater segregation of people with disablements. ( Lawson, on the Web, neodymium ) . Harmonizing to De Wispelaere and Walsh ( 2007:521 ) when services for people with disablements are still determined within a â€Å" societal public assistance theoretical account † in that the handiness of services are still decided by public organic structures that a rights based attack is non in topographic point. The rights based attack theoretical account would propose that the rights of a individual with disablements are specified in jurisprudence and that a deficiency of this proviso of those rights should let for resort through the general legal system. In Ireland there are presently three models for proviso of instruction for people with disablements, foremost the pupil can go to mainstream school with support from a resource instructor or particular demands helper. The 2nd option is the pupil can go to a particular category within the mainstream school or thirdly the pupil may go to a school designated as a particular school with supports for peculiar disablements ( The National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . Assorted statute laws have impacted on the proviso of instruction. The Constitution of Ireland ( 1937 ) states that every kid should hold entree to instruction ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) .Education Act ( 1998 )The Education Act ( 1998 ) stated that instruction was to be provided for all kids and specifically references that kids with particular educational demands be provided for and â€Å" have the same right to avail of and benefit from appropriate instruction as do their equals † ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:79 ) . The Education Act ( 1998 ) allowed that support would be available for extra educational resources such as appraisals of pupils, proficient AIDSs but these excessively were assessed as to what was appropriate and were non an automatic entitlement ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . The Act besides provided for the puting up of the National Council for Special Education that would move as an independent administration that would within its maps co-ordinate the allotment of educational supports ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . The Act ( 1998 ) stated that kids with disablements had a right to education but the term â€Å" appropriate † allowed for measuring based on what resources were available ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:532 ) . Therefore this would propose that the Act was non rights based in that the proviso of supports were decided non by factors of engagement or inclusion but by resources.Education Welfare Act ( 2000 )The Education Welfare Act ( 2000 ) although its chief purpose was to advance attending at schools, is of effect to kids with disablements in that many kids with disablements are non go toing schools because no appropriate school is available. The enrollment procedure within the Act allows that such kids that are being schooled at place are to be assessed by the Health Service Executive to guarantee that the kid is having a criterion of instruction expected, although there is no index of the expected minimal criterion for kids with disablements ( National Council for Special E ducation, 2006 ) .Equal Status Act ( 2000 ) and ( 2004 )The Equal Status Act ( 2000 ) amended in ( 2004 ) promoted equality and prohibited favoritism in relation to entree and proviso of services with respect to nine factors of which favoritism because of disablement is one ( Government of Ireland, 2000 ) . In relation to education this considers admittance policies, entree for the pupil to school, edifice or supports ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . But the Act besides states that favoritism can non be considered if it is judged that â€Å" sensible adjustment † was made to let for entree or a â€Å" disproportional load † would be placed on the service supplier to do adjustments, ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:81 ) . For illustration in relation to the scenario, the kid that has the physical disablement might non be able to go to his local primary school because although adjustments such as a incline were installed, that in order to supply other adjustments that it would put a disproportional load on the school. Bruce ( 1991 ) cited in Quinn and Redmond ( 2005:145 ) suggests that the entree right besides relates to back up that provide for â€Å" engagement in the societal and cultural life of the community † . Therefore certainly the attending at a local school could be seen as a agency of inclusion for the male child and that exclusion by the school because of no duty to supply services beyond their resources could be considered a misdemeanor of rights with respect to entree as per Bruce ( 1991 ) cited in Quin and Redmond ( 2005 ) . But the fact that the proviso of services is non rights based eliminates the duty of the school to supply services beyond their resources ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) .Education for Persons with Particular Educational Needs Act ( EPSEN ) ( 2004 )Harmonizing to the National Disability Authority ( 2005 ) the Education for Persons with Particular Educational Needs Act ( EPSEN ) ( 2004 ) set out through its purposes of appropriate instruction, appraisal of identifying of demand, single instruction programs, general allotment system and entreaties to present inclusive instruction for kids with particular educational demands. The Act set out that schools have a responsibility to include kids with particular educational demands and that adjustments are to be made to let inclusion, that the school principal in peculiar had a function to place kids with particular educational demands and arrange appraisal. The appraisal would let the school to use for extra support ( National Disability Authority, 2005 ) . A â€Å" General allotment system † was established that would apportion lasting instructor stations based on the degree of high incidence disablements within the school and the allotment of hours for resource instructors or particular demands helpers for low incidence disablements ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:41 ) . Harmonizing to the National Disability Authority ( 2005 ) the Act stated that the school in p artnership with the parents and other professionals would pull up an single educational program to let for the instruction of the kid. The school could be designated by the National Council for Special Education to supply a topographic point in their school for a kid. The Act besides introduced that parents could inform the instructors if they were unhappy with the instruction provided for their kid and that the school was required to turn to this issue. The procedure of entreaties and an Appeals Board was set up to let for referral of differences and possible declaration of differences ( National Disability Authority, 2005 ) . A study by the National Disability Authority ( 2006 ) to reexamine the EPSEN Act ( 2004 ) highlighted assorted facets that were positive and negative. That the General Allocation System was positive in general in that it recognised that supports were needed. But that establishing allotment on degree of high incidence disablements in attending could ensue that pupils that are non within the high-incidence bracket will lose supports that otherwise let them to go to mainstream schools. For illustration described within the low incidence disablements are physical disablement, hearing damage, moderate general acquisition disablement and autism. Concern was raised by parents that kids that were described within high incidence disablements would be more likely to be go toing particular schools that would be more able to supply for their demands. Therefore the degree of high incidence attending would be by and large low in mainstream schools which would impact on allotment of resources as pe r the General Allocation system ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The study stated that the disablements listed within low incidences does non reflect the diverseness of demand sing supports for integrative instruction and that the General Allocation System by its nature excludes instead than includes ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . Many parents report that entree to mainstream schools for their kids with particular educational demands is hard in that the appraisal of demand for kids is the necessity of the Health Service Executive. Parents are holding jobs deriving appraisal and secondly that the waiting clip for such appraisals is long ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The appraisal of demand will non needfully measure up that the kid can so travel to a local school in that the school may non be able to supply the adjustments required. With respect to kids with physical disablements the perceptual experience seems to be that if the school provides a incline that it has provided sufficient supports. That the burden is non on schools due to allotment of resources to supply services that have been assessed as needed by the kid and can ensue in the kid being marginalised and excluded if the kid were to stay in mainstream school. Besides that the general physical environment within mainstream schools was non needfully suited to the demands of a kid with disablements and that the inclusion within the school would non be in the kid ‘s best involvements. The assessment procedure is harder to entree for Particular Schools unless they are portion of a clinic that has a resident psychologist. The assessment procedure is in itself labelling in that the p erceptual experience of appraisal of demand automatically deduce an educational restriction within the kid which may non be the instance ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The inclusive construct of the EPSEN ( 2004 ) was positive in that it gave kids with disablements an chance to socialize with their equals but that the deficiency of supports consequence in exclusion as the kid can non to the full incorporate without these supports ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . An inclusive educational system provides for the diverse demands of all the kids in attending and by offering different supports for the kids needs it celebrates diverseness and encourages engagement harmonizing to Florian and Rouse ( 2009 ) . But allotments based on available resources could propose that the Act has failed in its purposes of inclusion ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The troubles in deriving entree and supports has resulted that the duty frequently falls to the parents of kids with disablements to supply the educational support ( Power, 2008 ) . Besides the Act states that the particular needs helpers will hold no function in proviso of instruction but th e proviso of attention for the kid ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . But the functions of the particular demand helpers have become education proviso in that resources have impacted on educational supports and that the particular needs helpers are non trained for this function ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . It had been forecasted that the Act would be implemented by 2010 budgetary restraints have delayed the execution of many elements of the Act ( National Council for Special Education, 2008 ) . The system of specifying low-incidence and high-incidence is non rights based in that it does non turn to the single demands of the kid regardless of what incidence they are within and that the allotment of extra resources such as instructors, particular needs helpers and resource support instructors based on the incidences of grades of disablement is non declarative of an participatory programme. The General Allocation System is non rights based in that the system of allotment of resources based on figure of kids with high incidence disablements is prejudiced towards the kids with disablements within the low incidence bracket ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) .Disability Act ( 2005 )The Disability Act ( 2005 ) although non straight linked to instruction does hold mention in that it provided for the right to supply for an appraisal of demands sing wellness and instruction, roll uping a service statement, but it does non automatically imply proviso of services to fit demands. Be sides the right to appeal determinations sing appraisal and service statement but that there was no resort through the legal system ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . The Disability Act ( 2005 ) although supplying for appraisal of demands sing wellness and instruction have non allocated a minimal degree of service bringing as per the Irish Human Rights Commission ( 2004 ) cited in De Wispelaere and Walsh, ( 2007 ) . That although the appraisal of demand is a definite right that it is undermined by the clause that the Service Statement after the Assessment Report allows that services may non be provided if it is â€Å" non possible or practical to supply † ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:532 ) and would therefore suggest that the Act is non rights based statute law. Harmonizing to De Wispelaere and Walsh ( 2007 ) with respect to the Disabiltiy Act ( 2005 ) that although a right to appeal is mentioned that the entreaty procedure is drawn-out, in that an entreaty will hold to be addressed by a liaison officer, ailments officer, and entreaties officer whereby the determination made is concluding and that so the lone resort is an entreaty through the High Court. That a individual with a disablement is prevented from availing of an independent justice such as an Ombudsman until the internal entreaty procedure is completed suggests that the entreaties procedure is â€Å" dis-abling † ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:534 ) . Harmonizing to De Wispelaere and Walsh ( 2007 ) the rights based attack that proviso of services should be a legal right based on demand appraisal has two defects. First that the outlook of bringing of services could ensue in a continual demand on public resources. Second that the warrant of bringing of service could be considered to â€Å" undemocratic † if the proviso of â€Å" disablement rights † were to dispute the rights of a authorities to make up one's mind â€Å" economic and societal policies † ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:523 ) . They proposed that a rights based attack should instead than guarantee that all demands are met, that people with disablements should wish the bulk of people have the right to dispute when services are non in topographic point through the general legal system. With respect to the scenario at the start of the essay for the parents of a male child aged five to go to his local primary school and what supports would be available to him. The Disability Act ( 2005 ) allows that the male child ‘s demands are to be assessed but that the bringing of services will be dependent on the equal resources available ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . Therefore the kid might be assessed to hold a peculiar demand but it would non be the duty of the local primary school to supply the services required for his demand if it was beyond their abilities and resources. The fact that there is no legal demand on a service supplier to guarantee service bringing that would let this male child to go to the school would propose that there is no rights-based attack with respect to disablement statute law and policies in Ireland ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) .DecisionLegislation has been put in topographic point within the Irish system that aims to supply instru ction for people with disablements. In order to to the full take part entree to instruction and acquisition is overriding but it would look that the rights of the individual with a disablement to hold an equal opportunity of full instruction is determined by standards that measures degrees of disablement instead than diverseness of demand and that adjustment of supports is determined non as a right but as to what resources will be deemed appropriate by Government Departments. Besides that the purposes of the statute law to turn to peculiar issues sing instruction of people with disablements are weakened by the inclusion of clauses such as â€Å" sensible adjustment † and â€Å" disproportional load † ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:81 ) and would propose that the right to instruction is non as clear cut for kids with disablements. Besides disablement rights in Ireland have non received a unequivocal standard sing which rights must be protected and to what grade and that in order to be genuinely rights based this must be the instance ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) .

Free Essays on Freemasonry

The Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons is the oldest, largest and most widely known fraternal organization in the world. Volumes have been written about it. Yet, to many people, Freemasonry remains a mystery. This summary is an attempt to relate some of the facts of Freemasonry that may be of interest to all. HISTORY Freemasonry traces its ancestry to the operative crafts, which, records indicate, were introduced into England as early as 674 A.D. Freemasonry is directly descended from those associations of operative craftsmen, primarily the Cathedral Builders, of the middle Ages. These men, because of their special knowledge and skills, were permitted special travel privileges and traveled from country to country employing the secrets and skills of their craft. These Master Craftsmen developed means of recognition and identification of their work. In the Seventeenth and early Eighteenth Century, as Cathedral Building came to an end, numbers of these operative stone Mason guilds or Lodges began to accept as members good men who were not stone Masons or directly connected with the builders' craft. These were called Accepted or Speculative Masons. Gradually, the Lodges came to be composed almost entirely of these Accepted or Speculative Masons. From these groups, the Freemasonry of today had its beginning. GRAND LODGES In 1717, four Lodges of Freemasons, meeting in London, England, formed the first Grand Lodge of Freemasons in the world. The Grand Lodge chartered Symbolic Lodges and Provincial Grand Lodges in many countries, including America, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, and others. Today, there are more than 150 Grand Lodges in free countries of the world with a membership of more than six million Masons. The Grand Lodge is the administrative authority in its territory, known as a jurisdiction. MASONIC LODGES The basic unit of all Grand Lodges is the Masonic Lodge, somet... Free Essays on Freemasonry Free Essays on Freemasonry The Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons is the oldest, largest and most widely known fraternal organization in the world. Volumes have been written about it. Yet, to many people, Freemasonry remains a mystery. This summary is an attempt to relate some of the facts of Freemasonry that may be of interest to all. HISTORY Freemasonry traces its ancestry to the operative crafts, which, records indicate, were introduced into England as early as 674 A.D. Freemasonry is directly descended from those associations of operative craftsmen, primarily the Cathedral Builders, of the middle Ages. These men, because of their special knowledge and skills, were permitted special travel privileges and traveled from country to country employing the secrets and skills of their craft. These Master Craftsmen developed means of recognition and identification of their work. In the Seventeenth and early Eighteenth Century, as Cathedral Building came to an end, numbers of these operative stone Mason guilds or Lodges began to accept as members good men who were not stone Masons or directly connected with the builders' craft. These were called Accepted or Speculative Masons. Gradually, the Lodges came to be composed almost entirely of these Accepted or Speculative Masons. From these groups, the Freemasonry of today had its beginning. GRAND LODGES In 1717, four Lodges of Freemasons, meeting in London, England, formed the first Grand Lodge of Freemasons in the world. The Grand Lodge chartered Symbolic Lodges and Provincial Grand Lodges in many countries, including America, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, and others. Today, there are more than 150 Grand Lodges in free countries of the world with a membership of more than six million Masons. The Grand Lodge is the administrative authority in its territory, known as a jurisdiction. MASONIC LODGES The basic unit of all Grand Lodges is the Masonic Lodge, somet...

How to Do the Barking Dog Chemistry Demonstration

How to Do the Barking Dog Chemistry Demonstration The Barking Dog chemistry demonstration is based on an exothermic reaction between nitrous oxide or nitrogen monoxide and carbon disulfide. Ignition of the mixture in a long tube results in a bright blue chemiluminescent flash, accompanied by a characteristic barking or woofing sound. Materials for the Barking Dog Demonstration Stoppered glass tube containing N2O (nitrous oxide) or NO (nitrogen monoxide or nitric oxide). You can prepare and collect nitrous oxide or nitrogen monoxide yourself.CS2, carbon disulfideLighter or match How to Perform the Barking Dog Demonstration Unstopper the tube of nitrous oxide or nitrogen monoxide to add a few drops of carbon disulfide.Immediately re-stopper the container.Swirl the contents around to mix the nitrogen compound and carbon disulfide.Light a match or lighter. Unstopper the tube and ignite the mixture. You can throw a lit match into the tube or use a long-handled lighter.The flame front will move rapidly, creating a bright blue chemiluminescent flash and a barking or woofing sound. You can re-light the mixture a few times. After the demonstration is performed, you can see sulfur coating the inside of the glass tube. Safety Information This demonstration should be prepared and performed inside a fume hood by a person wearing safety goggles. Carbon disulfide is toxic and has a low flash point. What Is Happening in the Barking Dog Demonstration? When the nitrogen monoxide or nitrous oxide is mixed with carbon disulfide and ignited, a combustion wave travels down the tube. If the tube is long enough you can follow the progression of the wave. The gas ahead of the wavefront is compressed and explodes at a distance determined by the length of the tube (which is why when you re-ignite the mixture, the barking sounds in harmonics). The bright blue light that accompanies the reaction is one of the few examples of a chemiluminescent reaction that occurs in the gas phase. The exothermic decomposition reaction between nitrogen monoxide (oxidizer) and carbon disulfide (fuel) forms nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and elemental sulfur. 3 NO CS2 → 3/2 N2 CO SO2 1/8 S8 4 NO CS2 → 2 N2 CO2 SO2 1/8 S8 Notes about the Barking Dog Reaction This reaction was performed by Justus von Liebig in 1853 using nitrogen monoxide and carbon disulfide. The demonstration was so well-received that Liebig performed it a second time, although this time there was an explosion (Queen Therese of Bavaria received a minor wound on the cheek). Its possible the nitrogen monoxide in the second demonstration was contaminated with oxygen, to form nitrogen dioxide. There is also a safer alternative to this project that you can do with or without a lab.

Film music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film music - Essay Example The sounds of chirping birds, barking dog, a man cutting grass with a lawn mower, water being sprinkled from a hose, a man fixing the roof with a hammer making thudding sound are very clear. The sound of Bogs’ brisk footsteps across the zigzag path, carrying her blue bag marks the start of her busy day. The moment she rings the bell of Helen’s house a buzzing sound coming from inside the house disappears. Helen opens the door and Pegg gives her pitch in a bright cheerful tone. The next scene shows a plumber’s van parked outside the house of a lonely housewife, Joyce. There is music in the background. The song is romantic and it seems odd with the morning time. The plumber complains that she didn’t even have to call him to ‘fix’ the dishwasher; she could have taken care of it herself. The woman talks in a very slow sleazy voice as if to seduce the man who is appearing very professional in his tone and voice. The ring of the doorbell ruins her mood as she exclaims ‘who could that be?’ The music keeps playing. The moment she opens the door the sound birds chirping becomes clear again and Pegg starts pitching her Avon products. Joyce continues in her breathy sleepy voice that she isn’t supposed to be there as she was busy. The tapping of her fingernails on the wooden frame of the door is also very clear as she taps it impatiently waiting for Pegg to leave. And the Joyce’s slamming of door stops the song and the scene changes. The grim music from organ piano is played by a lady in one house and Pegg loses her heart and moves towards her car. In the background two children pass on bicycles singing ‘ding dong the Avon Lady!’ to mock Pegg. She gets in her car but the grim organ music keeps playing. She writes off the names of people on her list with a very loud scratching off pen. The moment she adjusts her mirror and sees the castle in it a very grim sounding piano is played in the background, accompanied by strings

Sahel Nutrition Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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The squaters' world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The squaters' world - Essay Example The issue is not about who is right or wrong or whether squatting is good or not, but to understand the situation of squatting as a whole.   Throughout this analysis, we will see that squatting is an alternative movement which fights for its own rights and asserts a different lifestyle that is anti-capitalist. Millions of people squat in the world. It is the oldest way of living. According to the Oxford Dictionary, squatting means â€Å"unlawfully occupy an uninhabited building or area of land.†(Oxford Dictionary 2008). Squatters exist all around the world, from Bombay to New York the action is the same but the purposes differ. In Nairobi shantytown, peoples have no other choice but to do squatting to survive. They sometimes live with several families in the same built â€Å"house†. In a certain way, the squatters are the capitalism’s indirect victims. In western countries, squats represent a warm place to spend the night but also an alternative way of living. It is a strong philosophy which stands up against capitalism. The conditions of living can be poor or good, depending on the country and the geographical situation. Inhabitants can find a free place where many activities occur and where many different people live.   According to Luca Pattaroni from the Laboratory of Urban Sociology of the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, â€Å"research shows that most squatters are people of low income, from a wide range of social background† (Swissinfo 2008). Indeed squatters are not only homeless. They can be young rebels,  artists, or travelers. In many cases, we find students and citizens who cannot afford the extremely high Geneva rental accommodations. There are also many refugees and immigrants from Africa, Latin America and from Central Europe.   Squats are socially centered, where people from uncommon horizon cohabit. Junkie, militant or tramp with any limited age are welcomed to

Symbolism in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie Essay Example for Free

Symbolism in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie Essay Tennessee Williams is one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. His first successful play, The Glass Menagerie, embodies his grace and skill as an author and an interpretor of the human experience. This intense drama ventures into familial relationships, societal situations, and the nature of memory. The Glass Menagerie opened in the mid 1940s in Chicago, and instantly became a mainstay in modern short fiction and continues to influence playwrights and authors of all genres. It is through symbolism that Williams reinforces theme, character development, and fate in The Glass Menagerie. One of the first symbols encountered by the reader is the fire escape. The fire escape represents both a literal and symbolic way to leave the house. It also represents a major them in the story – the need to escape. Williams describes the Wingfield house and makes note of the fire escape. He explains â€Å"huge buildings are always burning with the slow and implacable fires of human desperation† (scene i). Certainly this is true of the Wingfield family. Tom wishes to escape from his boring job and current lifestyle because â€Å"Man is by instinct a lover, a hunter, a fighter, and none of those instincts are given much play at the warehouse! † (scene ii). He does succeed, occasionally, in finding comfort in movies, drinking, and magic shows. The fire escape represents his ultimate path to his freedom. His regular trips onto the fire escape to smoke foreshadows the permanent abandonment of his family. In the final speech of the story, Tom states â€Å"I descended the steps of this fire escape for a last time and followed, from then on, in my father’s footsteps, attempting to find in motion what was lost in space† (scene vii). Laura wishes to escape too. However, she seeks refuge not in the real world but within the house and a reality all her own. The fire escape protects her from the outside world. She wishes to isolate herself from the world where her deformity is laughed at and her shy spirit is crushed. Even when she ventures out on to the fire escape she slips representing another failed attempt at entering the real world (scene iv). The high school nick name, â€Å"blue roses† (scene ii), that Jim had for Laura is also symbolic. It is a symbol of the affection that Laura seeks and the cruelty that world offers her. Blue roses are both unusual and mysterious which reflects Lauras personality. The nick name while seemingly affectionate was actually a play on the term â€Å"pleurosis† which Laura suffered from in her childhood. Additional, the use of the name Rose pays homage to Williams sister who was afflicted by a mental disorder and was against her will subjected to a lobotomy which she never recovered from. The Glass Menagerie† is not only the title but also the central symbol within the story. Lauras collection of glass animal figures mirrors several of her personality traits. Her mother references the glass menagerie when talking about Laura and comments â€Å"She lives in a world of her own—a world of—little glass ornaments† (scene v). Laura is delicate and needs to be handled carefully because â€Å"Glass breaks so easily. No matter how careful you are (scene vii). Just as glass is transparent and superficially uninteresting so is Laura. However, in the right light those tiny glass creatures refract light in a number of various and vibrant colors. This is similar to Laura who may appear shy and boring to strangers but becomes alluring and attractive when her false societal mask is peeled away and her inner spirit is exposed. Jim is almost instantly enamored with Laura and tries to comfort her by stating â€Å"You think of yourself as having the only problems, as being the only one who is disappointed. But just look around you and you will see lots of people as disappointed as you are† (scene vii). The menagerie also represents the imagined world Laura lives in – full of color but based on unstable illusions. The most important and functional symbol within the short story is the glass unicorn. The unicorn is Lauras favorite figurine. Jim states â€Å"A unicorn, huh? —aren’t they extinct in the modern world? † (scene vii). Laura, like the unicorn, is ill equipped to exist in this world full cruel acts and evil people. The fate of the unicorn, extinction, foreshadows what will Lauras future will hold. It also becomes a symbol of the initiation and normalization of Laura into the real world. As Jim and Laura dance the unicorn is broken. Jims kiss destroys Lauras uniqueness. She fades effortlessly from her heightened experience with Jim into a normal existence as he explains he must rush off for an appointment with his girlfriend. She gives the broken unicorn to Jim as a keepsake because the unicorn â€Å"is just like all the other horses†(scene vii) now. This is symbolic of everything that Jim destroyed and took from Laura in that single evening. Symbolism is a literary device that Williams employs in almost all of his writing. Using common place items – the fire escape, glass figurines, roses – allows the theme, character development, and the denouement of the story to be easily accessible and understood by the audience. The glass menagerie is physical image and memory that all readers can take away from the story. Symbolic of a life lived in fantasy because it could not survive in the worlds cruel reality.